Composite baseball bat

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history of composite even though the composite is a new technology in baseball, composite type have been around as early as the ’80s in slow-pitch softball. this ground breaking did not have a long stay though due to the better performance of all aluminum . with advances in the composite technology over the years, these have regained strength. most notably, louisville slugger developed a slow-pitch that was awarded best performance at the 2001 wars. miken responded in 2002 by developing their own composite softball . even though composite material has only been historically used in slow-pitch and softball, this technology has been emerging in high school and collegiate baseball over the past few years. design of composite baseball even though composite baseball have a different design compared to standard aluminum , they still must meet the same specifications as the standard aluminum baseball . to be suitable for high school and collegiate play, they must meet weight, dimension, and besr (ball exit speed ratio) requirements. the composite must have a -3 drop, which means that the must weigh 3 ounces less than the length (i.e. 33in 30oz). also, the baseball must have a barrel that is 2 5/8 in diameter. finally, composite still must meet the besr (ball exit speed ratio) standard for high school and collegiate play. disadvantages of composite there are very few disadvantages in the use of a composite . the most notable concern is the use in cold temperatures. all aluminum have a warning sticker stating that the cannot be used below a certain temperature. a ter can often get away with using a standard aluminum below the stated temperature, but for composite , it is more pivotal to abide by the listed temperature. poor use of a composite baseball can lead to cracking of the barrel. another disadvantage is that composite sound differently than aluminum . where aluminum make a “ping” sound, composite make a sound more similar to wooden . many players therefore feel that composite don’t have the pop that they are accustomed to with their aluminum because of the different sound. advantages of composite there are many advantages to using composite baseball . as has been chronicled in slow-pitch softball recently, composite have out performed standard aluminum . there are five main advantages for using composite : swing weight, trampoline effect, bending stiffness, bending vibrations, and sound. swing weight the swing weight of a baseball deals with how heavy the “feels” when swinging, and is therefore different than the actual listed weight of the baseball . ball players might swing two different that weight exactly 30oz, but one might feel lighter than the other. how is that possible? in order decrease the swing weight and allow the hitter to swing the quicker and easier, the center of mass is designed closer to the handle of the . a smaller moment of inertia will also decrease the swing weight. composite maximize the effect of swing weight by having both a lower moment of inertia as well as a center of mass closer to the handle. manufacturers are able to achieve both factors because the graphite material composite are made out of is lighter than aluminum. this allows the manufacturers to move the weight around the to achieve an optimal center of mass close to the handle. trampoline effect the trampoline effect, which is common terminology for baseball players, is the phenomenon when the baseball “jumps” off the at contact. the -ball collision can be demonstrated from the physics of elastic collisions. the stiffer the barrel of the , the slower the baseball comes off the because it looses energy in the collision. the softer the barrel of the , the faster the baseball comes off the because it retains its energy applied by the pitcher. the trampoline effect has been experimentally tested, and results show that composite outperform all aluminum . the reason why composite outperform other aluminum is that the trampoline effect can essentially be “tuned.” composite materials have properties that are different in all directions, or anisotropy, which allows the manufacturer to design the stiff longitudinally (along the handle) and softer circumstantially (around the barrel). this softer barrel allows the ball to come off with small losses in energy while maintaining the stiffness of the in the handle. vibration ball players often experience a “sting” in their hands caused by vibrations when the ball does not come in contact with the sweet spot of the . the frequency of these vibrations throughout the is related to the bending stiffness. daniel a. russell of kettering university has shown that standard aluminum have a high bending stiffness that produces vibrational frequencies in the range where most hands are sensitive; therefore, causing a sting. he also has shown that composite materials can lower this bending stiffness without compromising other advantages. including the lower bending stiffness, composite baseball have a higher damping rate. the damping rate corresponds to how quickly the material lessens the vibrations it is experiencing. russell also states that composite have a damping rate anywhere from 2 to 10 times more than standard aluminum . many ball players therefore refer to composite as more forgiving because if they do not make contact with the ball on the sweet spot, they will not feel the vibrations (sting) from the miss hit. future of composite baseball the future of composite baseball at the collegiate level is in question right now. on july 22, 2009, the ncaa reported that the rules committee had requested to ban the use of composite . the ncaa playing rules oversight panel found that 20 out of the 25 composite tested during the 2009 ncaa division i baseball tournament failed the besr (ball exit speed ratio) test. the tests showed that the balls were actually coming off the much quicker than what the specifications state. since must pass the besr specification inside the factory before reaching the market, there are two possible hypotheses. one suggests that the performance of composite increases with repeated use, and the other states that players can intentionally alter the composite . the most common method of altering composite is through rolling, where a large amount of pressure is applied by various means while rolling the back and forth. the rules committee met on august 17, 2009, to discuss their proposal with manufacturers, and on august 24, the ncaa playing rules oversight panel approved the temporary ban on composite . during this temporary ban, the rules committee will continue testing the to determine if the performance is enhanced through repetitive use, or if intentional alteration seems more plausible. references ^ a b “check swing: composite place in baseball is getting a closer look.” kolenich, eric. richmond times-dispatch. october 15, 2009. ^ a b “ncaa baseball rules committee proposes moratorium on composite .” national collegiate athletic association. october 15, 2009. ^ a b c d e f g h “are composite better than aluminum ?” russell, daniel a. kettering university. october 11, 2009. ^ a b c d e “composite baseball .” articlesbase: free online articles directory. october 10, 2009. ^ “physics professor addresses aluminum v. composite controversy (part ii)” king, t. kyle. dawg sports. october 11, 2009. ^ callister, william d., jr.. materials science and engineering: an introduction. new york: john wiley & sons, inc., 2007. ^ “prop approves committee action on composite bats” johnson, greg. national collegiate athletic association. october 15, 2009. categories: baseball equipment

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